1. Add –ed to the base form of most verbs
start started
finish finished
wash washed
2. Add only –d when the base form ends in an e.
live lived
care cared
die died
3. If the verb ends in a consonant + y, change the y to i and add –ed
dry dried
carry carried
spy spied
4. If the verb ends in a vowel + y, do not change the y. Just add –ed
pray prayed
stay stayed
destroy destroyed
5. If the verb has one syllable and ends in a consonant + vowel + consonant (CVC), double the final consonant and add –ed.
stop stopped
rob robbed
beg begged
6. Do not double final w or x.
sew sewed
mix mixed
7. If the verb has two syllables, and the final syllable is stressed, double the final consonant.
ad mit’ admitted
oc cur’ occurred
per mit’ permitted
8. If the verb has two syllables, and the final syllable is not stressed, do not double the final consonant.
hap’ pen happened
lis’ ten listened
o’ pen opened
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